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Normalized numerical range

Definition

The classical numerical range F(A) of AMn(C) is by definition the set of values of the corresponding quadratic form xAx on the unit sphere Sn:={xn:x=1}ofn. Equivalently, \[ F(A) =\{(x^*Ax)/||x||2 xn\{0\}\}. \] Various modifications and generalization of the numerical range have been considered in the literature. Our paper is concerned with the so called normalized numerical range. Defined as FN(A):={xn,Ax0}, it was introduced in [1], and then further investigated in for example [2].

Properties

Suppose that AMn(C). Then:

  • For all zFN(A), |z|1.

*If zFN(A), then |z|=1 if and only if z=/||for some(A).

  • FN(A) is unitarily invariant: FN(UAU)=FN(A) for any unitary UMn(C).

  • FN(eiθA)=eiθFN(A) for all [0,2).

  • FN(cA)=FN(A) for all c>0.

  • If A is invertible, then FN(A) is closed.

The following theorems and examples are taken from [3].

Theorem 1

Suppose that AM2(C) has non-zero eigenvalues λ1,λ2 such that λ1/λ2<0. Then FN(A) is a closed elliptical disk. In the case when A>0, the ellipse is given by the equation

Theorem 2

For AM2(C){0} with eigenvalues λ1 and λ2, the boundary of FN(A) is an ellipse if and only if |λ1|=|λ2| or λ1/λ2<0.

Examples

1. The normalized numerical range of $A =

$.

2. The normalized numerical range of $B =

$.

3. The normalized numerical range of $C =

$.

For matrix A is a typical example of convex normalized numerical range that is not an ellipse. The normalized numerical range of matrix B is not convex, but has a smooth boundary (boundary is differentiable). Finally, the last example for matrix C has a boundary that is not smooth at one point. All three of these examples have boundaries that satisfy irreducible 8th degree polynomial equations.

References

  1. [1]W. Auzinger, “Sectorial operators and normalized numerical range,” Applied numerical mathematics, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 367–388, 2003, [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168927402002544.
  2. [2]L. Z. Gevorgyan, “Normalized numerical ranges of some operators,” Operators and Matrices, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 145–153, 2009, [Online]. Available at: https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/on-the-normalized-numerical-range.
  3. [3]B. Lins, I. M. Spitkovsky, and S. Zhong, “The normalized numerical range and the Davis–Wielandt shell,” Linear Algebra and its Applications, vol. 546, pp. 187–209, 2018, [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024379518300417.